Subsets II

Given an integer array nums that may contain duplicates, return all possible subsets (the power set).

The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets. Return the solution in any order.

NOTE: Time and space complexity for this problem may be wrong

Brute Force

• Use the pick and non pick technique to generate all subsets.
• then store them in the set so the duplicate subsets we get removed.
• TC: O(2^N)
• SC: O(2^N), Extra set

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Optimized Recursive solution (backtracking)

• We can handle the case of not getting duplicates in the recursion itself.
• we take the element and check if we took it before or not, except for the first element.
• If element is duplicate then we continue to the next element.
• else we add that element and recur for the next subset.
• After the recursion we remove the element.
• Here is example explanation of backtracking:

  subsets([1,2,3,4]) = []
                   // push(1)
                   [1, subsets([2,3,4])] // if push N times in subsets([2,3,4]), the pop times is also N, so vec is also [1] after backtrack.
                   // pop(), push(2)
                   [2, subsets([3,4])]
                   // pop(), push(3)
                   [3, subsets([4])]
                   // pop(), push(4)
                   [4, subsets([])]
                   // pop()
  

• TC: O(2^N)
• SC: O(2^N)

class Solution {
private:
    void findSubsets(int ind, vector<int>& nums, vector<int>& res, vector<vector<int>>& ans)
    {
        ans.push_back(res); // push the empty subset;
        int n = nums.size();

        for (int i = ind; i < n; i++) {
            if (i != ind && nums[i] == nums[i - 1])
                continue; // handling duplicates
            res.push_back(nums[i]); // DO
            findSubsets(i + 1, nums, res, ans); // RECUR
            res.pop_back(); // UNDO/Backtrack
        }
    }

public:
    vector<vector<int>> subsetsWithDup(vector<int>& nums)
    {
        vector<vector<int>> ans;
        vector<int> res;

        sort(nums.begin(), nums.end());
        findSubsets(0, nums, res, ans);
        return ans;
    }
};